Chennai, Dec 16 : As part of the Tamil Nadu governmentâ??s Hornbill Conservation Initiative, launched in March, the Forest Department will soon begin a comprehensive population survey of four hornbill species across major forest landscapes in the state.

The exercise, scheduled to commence by the end of December, is expected to conclude by the end of March or in the first week of April 2026, officials said.

According to senior Forest Department officials, the first phase of the survey will cover all ranges of the three tiger reserves -- Anamalai, Srivilliputhur-Megamalai, and Kalakkad-Mundathurai -- along with the Karamadai and Mettupalayam forest ranges under the Coimbatore forest division.

These areas have been identified as key hornbill presence zones based on past observations and habitat suitability.

The primary objective of the survey is to estimate the population size and density of hornbills and to build a scientific baseline for long-term conservation planning.

The timing of the assessment has been aligned with the hornbill breeding season, when detection rates are higher. While the breeding season of most species ends by April, the Great Hornbillâ??s nesting period may extend until May.

In the second phase, similar surveys will be carried out in other forest divisions across Tamil Nadu.

Four hornbill species are found in the identified regions -- the Great Hornbill, Malabar Grey Hornbill, Indian Grey Hornbill, and Malabar Pied Hornbill. The field survey will be conducted jointly by Forest Department staff, biologists and researchers using the line transect method, covering several kilometres each day within selected hornbill habitats.

Direct sightings and identification through calls will be used to record data.

As part of capacity building under the initiative, scientists from the Nature Conservation Foundation (NCF) recently trained forest personnel at Attakatty near Valparai. The training focused on hornbill identification, recognising nesting sites and understanding their feeding ecology.

An NCF scientist said similar survey methodologies had previously produced reliable results in hornbill habitats within the Anamalai Tiger Reserve. Hornbills are long-lived birds, with smaller grey hornbills surviving up to 15-16 years, while the Great Hornbill can live for nearly two decades. Entirely frugivorous, they feed on fruits from more than 100 tree species in the Western Ghats.

Often described as â??feathered foresters,â?? hornbills play a vital role in seed dispersal and forest regeneration. Their dependence on large hollow-bearing trees for nesting has also made the protection of mature forests a key focus of the stateâ??s conservation initiative.

/IANS